Bibliography

Below are works I’ve consulted so far while writing The Siècle. Note that this is not a complete list of works I intend to consult or that I own, only those that I have consulted so far. This will be updated as my research continues.

Note: I may receive a referral payment from books purchased via the above links. Click here for other ways to support the project.

Nonfiction (secondary sources)

General history

• Boucheron, Patrick, and Stéphane Gerson, eds. France in the World: A New Global History. New York: Other Press, 2019.
• Brown, Frederick. For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.
• Butterworth, Alex. The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists & Secret Agents. New York: Vintage Books, 2010.
• Hall, John Richard. The Bourbon Restoration. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1909.
• Haynes, Christine. Our Friends the Enemies: The Occupation of France After Napoleon. Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2018.
• Jardin, André, and André-Jean Tudesq. Restoration & Reaction, 1815-1848. Translated by Elborg Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Mansel, Philip. Paris Between Empires: Monarchy and Revolution, 1814-1852. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
• Miles, Jonathan. The Wreck of the Medusa. New York: Grove Press, 2007.
• Post, John Dexter. The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977.
• Rapport, Mike. 1848: Year of Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 2008.
• Sauvigny, Guillaume de Bertier de. The Bourbon Restoration. Translated by Lynn M. Case. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966.
• Skuy, David. Assassination, Politics and Miracles: France and the Royalist Reaction of 1820. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.
• Spitzer, Alan B. Old Hatreds and Young Hopes: The French Carbonari Against the Bourbon Restoration. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.
• Tombs, Robert. France 1814-1914. Longman History of France. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, 1996.
• Weiner, Margery. The French Exiles: 1789-1815. London: John Murray, 1960.

Art, music, literature and culture

• Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Nina. French Images from the Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989.
• Spang, Rebecca L. The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture. Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2000.
• Walton, Benjamin. Rossini in Restoration Paris: The Sound of Modern Life. Cambridge Studies in Opera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Biographies: Bourbons

• Beach, Vincent W. Charles X of France: His Life and Times. Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Company, 1971.
• Dwyer, Philip. Napoleon: Passion, Death and Resurrection, 1815-1840. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
• Mansel, Philip. Louis XVIII. Rev. ed. Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 1999.
• Nagel, Susan. Marie Thérèse, Child of Terror: The Fate of Marie Antoinette’s Daughter. New York: Bloomsbury, 2008.
• Price, Munro. The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions. London: Macmillan, 2007.

Biographies: Bonapartes

• Austin, Paul Britten. 1815: The Return of Napoleon. Barnsley: Frontline Books, 2002.
• Bierman, John. Napoleon III and His Carnival Empire. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.
• Hazareesingh, Sudhir. The Legend of Napoleon. London: Granta Books, 2005.
• Hazareesingh, Sudhir. The Saint-Napoleon. Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2004.
• Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon: A Life. New York: Viking Penguin, 2014.

Biographies: Other

• Biré, Edmond. Victor Hugo avant 1830. Paris: Jules Gervais, 1883.
• Brogan, Hugh. Alexis de Tocqueville: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
• Brush, Elizabeth Parnham. Guizot in the Early Years of the Orleanist Monarchy. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1929.
• Bury, J.P.T. and R.P. Tombs. Thiers, 1797-1877: A Political Life. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986.
• Johnson, Douglas. Guizot: Aspects of French History, 1787–1874. Studies in Political History. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963.
• Corbin, Alain. The Life of an Unknown: The Rediscovered World of a Clog Maker in Nineteenth-Century France. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
• Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. New York: Public Affairs, 2021.
• Morton, James. The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq: Criminal, Spy, and Private Eye. New York: The Overlook Press, 2011.
• Muhlstein, Anka. Baron James: The Rise of the French Rothschilds. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.
• Neely, Sylvia. Lafayette and the Liberal Ideal, 1814-1824: Politics and Conspiracy in an Age of Reaction. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004.
• Robb, Graham. Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.
• Servadio, Gaia. Rossini. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003.

Geography and climate

• Blanchard, Raoul and Millicent Todd. Geography of France. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1919.
• De Boer, Jelle Zeilinga, and Donald Theodore Sanders. “The Eruption of Tambora in 1815 and ‘the Year without a Summer.’” In Volcanoes in Human History, 138-156. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
• Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste, and Fabien Locher. Les révoltes du ciel. Une autre histoire du changement climatique. Le Seuil, forthcoming.
• Winchester, Simon. Krakatoa: The Day the World Explored, August 27, 1883. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

Government and political science

• Beck, Thomas D. French Legislators 1800-1834: A Study in Quantitative History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
• Campbell, Peter. French Electoral Systems and Elections 1789-1957. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1958.
• Mansel, Philip. The Court of France: 1789-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• Richardson, Nicholas. The French Prefectoral Corps, 1814-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

Media and the press

• Collins, Irene. The Government and the Newspaper Press in France, 1814-1881. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
• Cragin, Thomas. Murder in Parisian Streets: Manufacturing Crime and Justice in the Popular Press, 1830-1900. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 2006.
• Goldstein, Robert Justin. Censorship of Political Caricature in Nineteenth-Century France. Kent, Ohio, and London: The Kent State University Press, 1990.

Philosophy and political theory

• Carlisle, Robert B. The Proffered Crown: Saint-Simonianism and the Doctrine of Hope. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
• Craiutu, Aurelian. Liberalism Under Siege: The Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2003.
• McMahon, Darrin M. Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Rémond, René. The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle. 2nd American ed. Translated by James M. Laux. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969.
• Simon, William, ed. French Liberalism: 1789-1848. Major Issues in History. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1972.

Religion

• Bloch, Marc. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France. Translated by J.E. Anderson. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2020.
• Cubitt, Geoffrey. The Jesuit Myth: Conspiracy Theory and Politics in Nineteenth-Century France. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
• Kroen, Sheryl. Politics and Theater: The Crisis of Legitimacy in Restoration France, 1815-1830. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
• Kselman, Thomas. Conscience and Conversion: Religious Liberty in Post-Revolutionary France. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2018.
• Kselman, Thomas. Death and the Afterlife in Modern France. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
• Riasanovsky, Maria Nicole. “The Trumpets of Jericho: Domestic Missions and Religious Revival in France, 1814-1830.” 2 vols., PhD diss. Princeton University, 2001.
• Osborne, Richard. Rossini. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Social and economic history

• Caron, François. An Economic History of Modern France. Translated by Barbara Bray. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
• Davidson, Denise Z. France After Revolution: Urban Life, Gender and the New Social Order. Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2007.
• Dunne, John. “Quantifier l’émigration des nobles pendant la Révolution française : problèmes et perspectives.” In La Contre-Révolution en Europe: XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, Réalités politiques et sociales, résonances culturelles et idéologiques. Ed. Jean-Clément Martin. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001.
• Higgs, David. Nobles in Nineteenth-Century France. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
• Macdonald, James. A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The Financial Roots of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
• Maxwell, Alexander. Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe’s Age of Revolutions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
• McPhee, Peter. A Social History of France: 1789-1914. 2nd ed. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
• Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.
• Robb, Graham. The Discovery of France: A Historical Geography from the Revolution to the First World War. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007.
• Spitzer, Alan B. The French Generation of 1820. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
• Weber, Eugen. Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.

Foreign relations and non-French history

• Blumenthal, Henry. France and the United States: Their Diplomatic Relations, 1789-1914. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1972.
• Evans, Richard J. The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815-1914. New York: Penguin Books, 2016.
• Karabell, Zachary. Parting the Desert: The Creation of the Suez Canal. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.
• Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
• May, Arthur. The Age of Metternich. Holt, 1933.
• Mazower, Mark. The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe. New York: Penguin Press, 2021.
• St. Clair, William. That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2008.
• Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
• Ward, Adolphus William and George Peabody Gooch. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783-1919, Vol. II: 1815-1866. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1923
• Zamoyski, Adam. Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries, 1776-1871. London: Phoenix Press, 1999.
• Zamoyski, Adam. Phantom Terror: Political Paranoia and the Creation of the Modern State, 1789-1848. New York: Basic Books, 2015.
• Zamoyski, Adam. Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. London: Harper Perennial, 2007.

Nonfiction (primary sources)

Almanacs and other statistical compilations

• Arago, François, and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, eds. Annales de chimie et de physique. Vol. 1-3. Paris: Crochard, 1816.
• Arago, François, and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, eds. Annales de chimie et de physique. Vol. 13. Paris: Crochard, 1820.
• De La Tynna, J. and S. Bottin. Almanach du Commerce de Paris, des Départemens de la France, et des Principales Villes du Monde. Paris: L’Imprimerie de J. Smith, 1820.
• De Saint-Julien, A. and G. Bienaymé. Histoire des droits d’entrée & d’octroi à Paris. Paris: Société d’Imprimerie et Librairie administrative et des Chemins de fer, 1887.
• Hugo, Abel. France Pittoresque […]. Vols. 1, 2 and 3. Paris: Imprimerie et Fonderie de Rignoux et ce, 1835.
• Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
• MacGregor, John. Commercial Statistics: A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs […] of All Nations.. Vol. 1. London: Charles Knight & Co., Ludgate Street, 1844.
• Mitchell, B.R., ed. European Historical Statistics: 1750-1975. 2nd Rev. Ed. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd, 1981.
• Recherches statistiques sur la ville de Paris et le département de la Seine […].. Paris: L’Imprimerie Royale, 1823.

Correspondence and collected writings

• Gallatin, Albert. The Writings of Albert Gallatin, vol. 2. Ed. Henry Adams. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1879.
• Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington, K.G. Ed. Arthur Richard Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington. Vols. 1-12. London: John Murray, 1864.
• Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington, K.G.. Ed. Arthur Richard Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington. Vols. 1-2. London: John Murray, 1867.
• “To George Washington from Lafayette, 11 May 1785.” Founders Online, National Archives. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington. Confederation Series, vol. 2, 18 July 1784 – 18 May 1785, ed. W. W. Abbot (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), pp. 550–551.

Memoirs and biographies

• Broglie, Achille-Léon-Victor, duc de. Personal recollections of the late Duc de Broglie, 1785-1820. Ed. and trans. Raphael Ledos de Beaufort. Vol. 1. London: Ward and Downey, 1887.
• Chateaubriand, François-René de. Memoirs from Beyond the Tomb. Translated by Robert Baldick. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1961. Reprint, London: Penguin Classics, 2014.
• Chateaubriand, François-René de. Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, Tome IV. Project Gutenberg, 1975.
• Chateaubriand, François-René de. The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, Vol. 4 (of 6). Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, and London: Freemantle and Company. Project Gutenberg, 2017.
• Raffles, Sophia. Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c., particularly in the government of Java 1811–1816, and of Bencoolen and its dependencies 1817–1824: with details of the commerce and resources of the eastern archipelago, and selections from his correspondence. London: John Murray, 1830.
• Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin. Portraits of Celebrated Women. Tr. H.W. Preston. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1868.

Government and legal documents

• James, Charles. A collection of the charges, opinions, and sentences of general Courts Martial […]. London: T. Egerton, 1820.
• Ministère de l’Intérieur. Circulaires, instructions et autre actes ´manés du minstère de l’intérieur de 1797 à 1821 inclusivement. 2nd ed. Vol 3. Paris, 1823.
• Procès de Louis-Pierre Louvel, assassin de S. A. R. monseigneur le duc de Berri […]. Paris: Delarue, 1820.

Other writings

• Brockett, L.P. The year of battles: a history of the Franco-German war of 1870-‘71. Embracing also Paris under the Commune; or, The red rebellion of 1871. A second reign of terror, murder, and madness.. New York: H.S. Goodspeed & Co., 1871.
• Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite. Memorial […] to His Most Christian Majesty, Louis XVIII […]. Translated by Lewis Goldsmith.
• Chateaubriand, François-René de. Itinéraire de Paris à Jerusalem. Trans. A.S. Kline. London: Poetry In Translation, 2011.
• Rowland, John Thomas. Lecture on Beranger, the French Lyric Poet…. Drogheda: A. McDougall, 1858.
• Smart, John. “Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon at Torbay.” In Clement Shorter, Napoleon and his Fellow Travellers. London: Cassell and Company, Limited, 1908.
• Thiers, Adolphe. The Pyrenees and the South of France, During the Months of November and December 1822. Translator unknown. London: Treuttel and Würtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter, 1823.
• The London and Paris Observer: Or Weekly Chronicle of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, vol. 3 (Jan. 21, 1827).

Fiction

• Balzac, Honoré de. Père Goriot. Translated by Burton Raffel. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.
• Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo. Translated by Robin Buss. London: Penguin Books, 2003.
• Hugo, Victor. Les Misérables. Translated by Norman Denny. London: Penguin Books, 1982.
• Hugo, Victor. Les Misérables. Translated by Christine Donougher. Penguin Classics, 2013. Kindle.
• Stendhal. The Red and the Black. Translated by Horace B. Samuel. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2005.
• Vigny, Alfred de. Servitude et grandeur militaires [Recollections of Military Servitude]. In Lights and Shades of Military Life. Edited by Charles James Napier. Translated by Frederic Shoberl. London: H. Colburn, 1840.

Articles

Art, music, literature and culture

• Joannides, Paul. “Colin, Delacroix, Byron and the Greek War of Independence.” The Burlington Magazine, Aug. 1983. Vol. 125, No. 965.
• Johnson, Janet. “A Lost Masterpiece Recovered.” Liner notes for Rossini: Il Viaggio a Reims. Gioacchino Rossini et al. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon, 1985.
• Johnson, Janet. “Synopsis.” Liner notes for Rossini: Il Viaggio a Reims. Gioacchino Rossini et al. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon, 1985.
• Marsans-Sakly, Silvia. “Geographies of Vengeance: Orientalism in Alexandre Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo.” The Journal of North African Studies, 24:5, 2019.
• Mora, Stephanie. “Delacroix’s Art Theory and His Definition of Classicism.” The Journal of Aesthetic Education, Spring 2000, Vol. 34, No. 1.
• O’Connell, David. “Ourika: Black Face, White Mask.” The French Review. Special Issue 47, no. 6 (1974): 47–56.
• Walton, Benjamin. “‘Quelque peu théâtral’: The Operatic Coronation of Charles X.” 19th-Century Music. Vol. 26, No. 1 (Summer 2002).

Economics

• Leuchter, Tyler. “Solidarity, Liability, and the New Regime of Corporate Property in Post-Revolutionary France.” La Révolution française, 15 (2018).
• Oosterlinck, Kim, Loredana Ureche-Rangau and Jacques-Marie Vaslin. “Aristocratic Privilege: Exploiting ‘Good’ Institutions.” Discussion paper, Centre for Economic Policy Research. London: October 22, 2019.
• Oosterlinck, Kim, Loredana Ureche-Rangau, and Jacques-Marie Vaslin. “Waterloo: a Godsend for French Public Finances?.” Draft paper, Nov. 2013.

Geography and climate

• De Boer, Jelle Zeilinga, and Donald Theodore Sanders. “The Eruption of Tambora in 1815 and ‘the Year without a Summer.’” In Volcanoes in Human History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
• Rocco, Stevie. “Benjamin Franklin: Politician, Inventor, Climatologist.” Penn State Freshman Seminar in Earth and Mineral Sciences. Accessed July 10, 2019.
• Skeen, C. Edward. “‘The Year without a Summer’: A Historical View.” Journal of the Early Republic, 1, no. 1 (Spring, 1981): 51-67.

Government and political science

• Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. “The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World.” The Journal of Economic History, 65, no. 4 (December 2005).
• Perkins, Dexter. “Europe, Spanish America, and the Monroe Doctrine.” The American Historical Review, vol. 27, no. 2. Jan. 1922.
• Phillips, John A., and Charles Wetherell. “The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England.” The American Historical Review, 100, no. 2 (April 1995).
• Ratcliffe, Donald. “The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787—1828.” Journal of the Early Republic, 33, no. 2 (Summer 2013).
• Steinfeld, Robert J. . “Property and Suffrage in the Early American Republic.” Stanford Law Review, 41, no. 2 (January 1989).

Religion

• Dickerman, Edmund H. “The Conversion of Henry IV: ‘Paris Is Well Worth a Mass’ in Psychological Perspective.” The Catholic Historical Review 63, no. 1 (1977): 1-13.
• Hartman, Mary S. “The Sacrilege Law of 1825 in France: A Study in Anticlericalism and Mythmaking.” The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar. 1972).
• Lyons, Martyn. “Fires of Expiation: Book-Burnings and Catholic Missions in Restoration France.” French History, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 240–266.

Other topics

• Bignon, Vincent, Eve Caroli and Roberto Galbiati. “Stealing to Survive: Crime and Income Shocks in 19th Century France.” The Economic Journal 127, no. 599 (February 2017): 19-49.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911) “Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Cross, Gary. “Vacations for All: The Leisure Question in the Era of the Popular Front.” Journal of Contemporary History 24, no. 4 (1989).
• Devereaux, Bret. “The Universal Warrior, Part IIA: The Many Faces of Battle.” A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry. Feb. 5, 2021.
• Forster, Robert. “The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution.” Past & Present. No. 36. July 1967.
• Friendly, Michael. “A.-M. Guerry’s Moral Statistics of France: Challenges for Multivariable Spatial Analysis.” Statistical Science 22, no. 3 (2007): 368-99.
• Holroyd, Richard. “The Bourbon Army, 1815-1830.” The Historical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3 (September 1971).
• Lewis, Gwynn. “The White Terror of 1815 in the Department of the Gard: Counter-Revolution, Continuity and the Individual.” Past & Present, no. 58 (Feb. 1973).
• Palsky, Gilles. “Connections and exchanges in European thematic cartography: The case of 19th century choropleth maps.” Belgeo [Online] 3-4 (2008): 413-426.
• Quynn, Dorothy Mackay. “Destination: America: Marshal Ney’s Attempt to Escape.” French Historical Studies 2, no. 2 (Autumn, 1961): 232-241.
• Thompson, Victoria E. “The Creation, Destruction and Recreation of Henri IV: Seeing Popular Sovereignty in the Statue of a King.” History and Memory, 24, no. 2 (Fall/Winter 2012).

Data and mapping

• “Age pyramid 2020 – France and metropolitan France.” INSEE, 2020.
• Bethe, Anne-Laura, and Paul Rouet. Vasserot data. Analyse diachronique de l’espace urbain Parisien: approche Geomatique. 2010 and 2013.
• Caramani, Daniele. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. London: Macmillan Reference Ltd., 2000.
• DIVA-GIS. France elevation (country mask).
• Ellis, E.C., K.K. Goldewijk, S. Siebert, D. Lightman, and N. Ramankutty. 2013. Historic Anthropogenic Biomes of the World, 1800. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Accessed June 23, 2018.
• Henry, Louis and Yves Blayo. “La population de la France de 1740 à 1860.” Population 30, no. 1 (1975).
• Patterson, Tom, Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso, et al. Natural Earth. Accessed June 23, 2018.
• Piketty, Thomas, and Gabriel Zucman. Piketty-Zucman Wealth-Income Data Set. Accessed June 24, 2018.

Reference works

• Black, Jeremy, ed. DK World History Atlas. 2nd ed. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2005.
• The Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
• HarperCollins Robert French College Dictionary. 4th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.